Synchronous motor



May 1, 192s. 1,668,272

V. A. FYNN SYNGHRONOUS MOTOR Filed Aug. 2. 1926 2 Sheetslieev 1 CII l f l@41.595 14u-50 BfA/N,

May 1,1928.

V. A. FYNN sYNcHRoNoUs MOTOR Filed Aue. 2. 1926. 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Patented May 1928.

siren STATES Ara'rrlvr orrics.

VALRE A. FINN, `Ol 8T. LOUIS, IISSOUBI.

` sYNcHnoNoUs Ieren.

Application led Angnlt 2, 1926. In. 128,68#

My invention relates to synchronous motors and particularly to polyphase syn# chronous induction motors, that is, to machines which possess the mechanical features of an asynchronous. motor and are adapted to carry variable load ab synchro nous speed.

The objects and features of this invenf tion will appear from the detailed description taken in connection'with the accompanying drawings and will be pointed out in the claims.

The drawings diagramlnatically illustra-tev `carries a commuted winding 6 with which cooperate 'two sets of stationary brushes 10,

1l and l2, 13 displaced by 90 electrical degrees. The commuted winding is shown as a circle on `-which the brushes rest. In practice a commutator will be attached to the commuted winding and the brushes will rest on same. The secondary member, here the stator, carries a winding 14 located in the axis of the brushes 12, 13 and therefore displaced b 90 electrical degrees from the axis of the rushes 10, 11 to which it is con- Y nected. An adjustable resistance 18 is included in the circuit. of 'the `windin 14. Another secondary winding 15 is disp aced by 45 electrical degrees from 14 and, therefore, alsol from-the axes of the two sets of brushes. This winding 15 .is connected to the brushes 12, 13 with the interposition of the adjustable resistance 19. The seeondary alsocarries the auxiliary windings 16 and17 adapted to be closed over the adjustable resistances 20 and 21 respectively. 1`he winding 16 is dis laced by 90 electrical degrees from the win ing 15 and the winding 17 is similarly displaced from the winding 14. Y

Referring to Figure 2, theprimary, here the rotor, carries a three-phase winding 5 adapted to be connected to the three-phase supply 2, 3, 4 through the s'liprings 7, 8, 9

and cooperatin brushes and also carries a commuted win ing 6 with which cooperate two setsof brushes 10, 11 and 12 13 the axes of which are displaced by 45 electrical degrecs. The secondary, here the stator, carries three windings 14, 15 and 15". The windings 14 and 15 are coaxial and disa placed by 90 electrical degrees from the winding 15.` The winding 14 is located in an axis substantially perpendicular to the axis of the brushes 10, 11 and is'connected tosaid brushes throu h the adjustable resistance 18. The winnings 15" and 15"'are connected in series with each other and with the brushes 12, 13 with the interposition oi y the adjustable resistance 22 and the winding 15 is shunted by thev the adjustable resistance 19.

.The winding l5 is shunted b adjustable resistance 23. The windings 15 and 15" are so proportioned and located that.-

when the shunts 22 and 23 are interrupted then the current conduced through the windings 15 and 15" byv means of the brushes 12, 13, produces magnetizations, for

instancedirected as indicated by the arrows located alongside of the said windings and combining into a resultant magnetization which is coaxial, or practically so, with the axis of the brushes 12, 13..

Fig. 3 diers from Fig. 2 only in that the Y brushes 10, 11 are coaxial with the windin 14 to which they arev connected instead` -o being displaced by electrical degrees from 14. 4

Turning nowV to the o ration of Figures 1, 2 and 3', and referring particularly to Figure 1, the windingsandbrushes are so constituted, dimensioned and located that the machine can be started with a powerful torque as an induction motor, made to develop .a sufficient synchronizing torque to bring the machine into synchronismjunder load and thereafter caused to operatewith a load-power-factor-characteristic, satisfactory for most practical purposes.

According to one way of operating the motor of Fig. 1 the circuitsfof the wind 14 and 15 may be intellllflfd'at the movizxl: contactsv or switches 18 andf'19. When'the rool los

may revolve in the one or the other direction.A Assuming that this iiux revolves clockwise, then the primary member will rejvolve counterclockwise and this"revolution will be brought about by the interaction of the primary iux with the ampereturns genaey erated by said ux in the windings 16, 17, which ampereturns can be regulated in a we ll understood manner by means of the adjustable resistances 20- and 21. 1n this wise, the motor can be bron ht near to synchronism. ln order to' sync ronize the machine the circuits of the windings 14 and 15 are cl ed and the-resistances 18, 19 reduced to the desired extent. Near synchronism the voltages generated by the primary ux in the windings 14, 15, 16, 17 are very small whereas the magnitude of the brush voltages, to which I may also refer as the-auxiliary voltages, is independent of the speed of the primary and only depends on the magnitude of the pimary iiux, as is now well understood. ear synchronism these voltages send conduced currents tlirou h the windings 14 15 and these condu ampereturns react with the primary ux to'produce a synchronizin torque below synchronism and the sync ronous torque in synchronous operation. Seeing that the primary revolves counterclockwise it is clear that the auxiliary voltage at the brushes 10, 11 leads by 90 degrees the voltage generated in the winding 14 by the primar flux. Similarly the auxiliary voltage at t e brushes 12, 13 ings degrees behind the voltage generated by the primary dux in the secondar windu 15. Under these conditions 't ie secon a winding 14 is responsible for a synchronizing torque of double slip frequency and the winding 'l5 is responsible for a substantiall unidirectional synchronizing torque aving one strictly unidirectional and pulsating component'and having 'another double slip frequency alternating component. The resultant synchronizing torque produced by the secondary Winding 15 is an alternating torque with very unequal positive and negative maxima, t e amplitude of the negative maxima being about 18% of the amplitude of the positive maxi-ma and any positive impulse lasting three times as long, as any negative one. The total .syn-

V chroniziiig torque is, of course, the vectorial sum of the synchronizing torques roduced by the windings 14 and 15. Since t e winding 15 produces the more desirable synchronizing torque then, from this point of view, it is better to so dimension tlie windings 14 and l5 that the latter will produce more conduced ampereturns than the former. The operating characteristic of the machine as a synchronous motor also depends on the ratio of the conduced ampereturns in the windings 14 and 15. rllhe diagram of Figure 4 gives considerable information in this Connection and will be discussed later. Upon the demand of a torque in excess of the maximum synchronous torque the motor lapsesinto asynchronous operation and the windings 16 and 17, which are idle at synchronism, become active at sub-synchronous incassa speed and produce a uniform or practically uniform induction motor torque in conjunction with the secondary windings 14 and 15.

The machine can also .be started with the' circuits of the windings 14 and 15 closed through their respective brush sets and the commuted windin 6. When so starting,

the secondarywin ings 15 and 16 cooperate to produce one two-phase induction motor.

toi' ue and thewindin s 14, 17` cooperate to pro uce another two-p ase induction motor toi-que displaced from the 'first The resultant induction motor torque is the vec- ,f

sirable to manipulateV the resistances inr some or in all of the several circuits in a manner now well undeistood.

Another way of starting this motor is to utilize the windings 15 and 16 connected in the manner shown in the iigure, eliminating the winding 17, and closing the circuit of the winding 14, or not, as desired. if the winding 14 is left open at startino' then it should be closed before the machine has synchronized or after it is operating synchronously.

The windings 16 and 17, or one of them, can be permanently closed each circ-uit being given any desired resistance.

At synchronism the machine shown 'in Figure 1 operates somewhat as follows: Assuming that the resistance 18 is so adjusted that with the-unidirectional auxiliary voltage available at synchronism at the brushes 10, 11 the winding 14 produces a secondary magnetization F which is just equal to the resultant magnetization R of the motor as lill determined by the terminal voltage of the v machine, then for zero'torque the resultant R coincides with F and both are-coaxial with 14. Under these conditions lthe auxiliary voltage at the brushes 12, 13 is zero and the winding 15 produces no ampereturns. Upon the demand of a positive torque, be it for rio-load operation or for operation at some iven load, the resultant R moves clockwise in the direction of rotation of the primary flux With respect to the primar a unidirectional voltage appears at the brushes 12, 13 causing the winding 15 to produce conduced am ereturns on the secondary directed as indicated by the arrow placed alongside of 14. The resultant secondary and unidirectional magnetization F now moves counterclockwise. The angular displacement c between F and E increases with load and maximum synchronous torque is secured for a value of c such, for instance as c, which value depends on the constants of the machine, particularly on the ratio of the maximum conduced ampereturns in 14 to the maximum conduced ampereturns in 1.5, on

grees, or by less than 90 electrical degrees,

say at synchronisin, when they are directed Vas shown by the arrows placed next to the windings producing them. If the conduced unidirectional current in one of the wind= ings 14 or 15 of Fig. 1 is reversed while that in the other is not, then the magnetiza-- i tions these windings produce Vbecome displaced by 135 electrical vdegrees instead of 45, or generally by more than 90 electrical degrees.

Referring to Figure 2, it dilers from Figure l in that the winding 15 is divided into two grou s or windinvs connected in series and disp aced by 90 electrical degrees, also in that the brushes 12, 13 are displaced from the axis of the secondary 14 by 45 electrical degrees in the direction of rotation ofthe primary or against the direction of rotation of the primary flux with respect to the primary. The component windings 15 and 15 are so connecte resultant magnetization which they produce substantially coincides with the axis of the brushes 12, 13. Assuming that the shunts around the windings 15 and 15 are interrupted at 22 and 23,'then the machine can be started by connecting the sli rings to the supply and leaving both secon ary windings connected to their respective brush sets. Under these conditions induction motor tonplie producing ampereturns are generated in t e windings 14, 15 by the rimary flux at starting and close through t e commuted rwinding 6; but the windings 14 and 15 produce secondary magnetizations which are displaced by 45 electrical degrees with the result that the induction motor torque varies in magnitude during each revolution, the locus for said tor ue vector being an ellipse instead of a circle. Whenever a heavy start- -ing torque is not required the machines shown in Figs. 1 or 2 can be started as just Y described, but when the starting conditions are 'more severe a more uniform induction motor torque is necessary. In Fi re 1' this has been achieved by the addition of one or two secondary windings such-.as 16 andv 17 closed preferabl but not nily, through an adjustable resistance. results can be achieved in Figure 2 without the use ofadditional windings on the seco'ndai'y.Y

YAmother way o f starting the motor shovi'yn and diinensioned that the ltion are displaced b Similar in Figure 2 is to interrupt the circuit of the brushes 12, 13 at the adjustable resistance 19, and shunt the win 15 by means of the resistance 22 and the winding 15" by means of the resistancef23. This immediately provides a two-phase secondary, one phase of which is 15 and the other 15". If the primary is now connected to the supply a uniform induction motor torque is produced and the machine is readily brought to near synchronism with the circuit of the winding 14 closed, or not, as desired. lVlienthe machine has reached a suflicient speed the circuit of the brushes 12, 13 is closed at 19 and that of the windin 14, it not already closed7 is closed at 18. `hereupon the resistance of the shunts to the windings 15 and i5 is increased to a predetermined finite value or the shunts are interrupted. The resistance of these shunts may also be given a permanent and constant value. So soon as the windings l5 and 15 carry about equal conduced ampereturns they produce` a secondary magnetization coaxial with the brushes 12, 13 and this magnetization in cooperation with the primary iiux produces a strictly unidirectional synchro. nizing torque to which may be added the double slip frequency alternating s nchronizin torque produced by the win ing 14. In Figure 2 the auxiliary voltage at the brushes .10, 11 leads the voltage generated in 14 by the primary flux, by 90 electrical degrees, whereas the auxliary voltage at the brushes 12, 13 is copha al and codirectional with the vectorial sum of the voltages enerated by the primary flux in the secon ary windings 15 and 15.. In other words, in so far as the secondary winding 14 is concerned, the auxiliary voltage impressed thereon reaches a maximum when the axis of the primary flux coincides with the axis of 14. With re ard to the windin 15 plus 15 or wit regard to the axis of the resultant magnetization produced by the com onent and series connected secondary win ings 1'5 and 15 the auxiliary voltage 12, 13 reaches a maximum when the primary flux is displaced by 90.electrical degrees, or thereabouts, from the axis of the resultant conduced ainpereturns produced by 15 and 15". l

In Figures 1,2 and 3 the windings 14 and 15 connected to the two sets of brushes, or more broadly, to the two auxilia voltages, are displaced by 45 electrical ldiagrees. I have elsewhere shown what can be achieved when secondary windings of this descrip-v 90 electrical de and this application is directed tomac ines in which two secondary windings are -displaced by an angle other than 90, and more particularly by an angle less than 90 electrical de Whiletheangle of 45 degrecs illustrated in the figures is a useful' llo and convenient one, it isby no means the only possible angle of displacement. other than 90 degrees.

1n so far as synchronizing ability is concerned, the strictly unidirectional synchronizing torque is the most effective but a moderate departure from strict unidirectionality does not materially interfere with the synchronizing ability." A strictly unidirectional synchronizing torque is secured when the brushes are so located with respect to the winding to which they are connected that the auxiliary or brush voltage is cophasal with the voltage concurrently generated inthe winding by the primary iux. Mechanically ex ressed,l this occurs when the brush axis coincides with the axis of the secondary winding to which said brushes are connected and when the connections between brushes and windin are made accordingly and as shown. he greater the angle of displacement between these axes the less desirable the synchronizing torque. From this point of view the arrangement shown'in Figure 2 is to be preferred to that shownin Figure 1.

The motor shown in Fig. 3 can be operated like that shown in Fig. 2 or in the following manner: Seeing that the brushes 10, 11 are coaxial with the secondary 14, or

` practically so, and are so connected that,

near synchronism, the voltage at the brushes 10, 11 is oflsame phase and direction as the voltage concurrently generated in 14 by the primary flux, the synchronizing torque due to 14 will be strictly unidirectional and pulsating, or nearly so. To start the motor the circuit of the brushes 12, 13 can be interrupted at 19 and the windings 15 and 15 shunted by the resistances 22, 23. At starting or at any sub-synchronous speed the circuit of 14 can be closed and the resistance 18 adjusted with ^synchronization in view. --Because of the relation between the axis 'of 14 and that of the brushes 10, 11,l the windingl 14 will synchronize the motor under most ordinary conditions and the circuit of the brushes12, 13 can be closed at 19 and the shunts 22, 23 modified or removed after synchronization. It' a greatersynchronizing torque is'required then the circuit of the brushes 12, 13 must be reorganized before synchronism is reached.

ln so far as the synchronous operating characteristic is concerned that is also afvfected by the relative position of the axes mesma Yfor the user or builder of such mac .ines to adapt them to his requirements the explanatory diagrams in Figures 4 and 5 are added.-

Referring to Figure 4 which is a circle diagram corresponding to the conditions as depicted in Figure, 1, let it be assumed that the primary impedance is negligible and that in consequence the resultantnmotor magnetization R lags just 90. degrees behind the terminal voltage E and let these two values be represented in Figure 4 by the Jvectors 0-24 and O-E respectively. Bearing in mind that any brush voltage .depends on the magnitude of the resultant magnetization R and on the space location of R with respect to the brush axis in question, it is possible to at once determine the relative positions of the brush axes and ot R for which the ampereturns inthe winding 14 and in the winding 15 are a maximum. For the connections shown in Figure 1 and for a counterclockwise rotation of the primary the resultant motor magnetization R must revolve clockwise with increasing load. Exactly the same results must obviously be secured if the system of brushes and connected windings is displaced counterclockwise without disturbing the relative positions of the several elements of this system. This procedure has been followed in Figures 4 and 5 as the more convenient and in these figures R and E are supposed to be stationary and brushes and windings are supposed to be rotated counterclockwise as indicated by the curved arrow When R coincides with the axis of 14 then the auxiliary voltage 10, 11 is at a maximum. Let this voltage be such that the magnetization then produced by 14 is equal to R. Under these conditions the vector 0.-24 represents a diameter of a circle L1, drawn about the center m1 of O--24 and L14 is the locus for the value of the magnetization produced by 14 for any position 10, 11. When R coincides with the axis of 14 the auxiliary voltage at the brushes 12,

13 is obviously zero and so are the ampereturns in 15, but when the brushes 12, 13 have been turned through 90 electrical degrees in a counterclockwise direction then the voltage at said brushes becomes a maximum and the ampereturns produced by 15 are also a maximum. But, when'the axis of 12, 13 is perpendicular to R then the axis of 15 is displaced from Rv by 135 degrees as indicated by the vector 0 25. In AFigure 4 it has been assumed that the maximum ampere- 1 turns produced by 15 are twice as great as `the maximum ampereturns produced by 14 and thevector 0-25 is shown accordingly.

This vector is a diameter of the circlev L15 which -is the locus for the values of theampereturns in 15 for every position.of'R rela tively to the axis of the brushes' 10, 1l. 'The Y contributed by 14 and: 15 are measured by` mature ampereturns are AR and lead E byl noname B Y -line 24-25 joining the maxima of 14 and 15, as obtained through a displacement of R through 90 degrees, is a diameter of the .circle L which is the locusfor the resultant of the ampereturns in 14 Vand 15 for any position of R relatively to the two brush axes.

The brushes 10, 11 and 12, 13 in Figure 4 are shown in that relative osition with res` ect to R which correspon s to zero torque.

he maximum synchronous torque is obtained when the vectorial sum F of the amereturns in 14 and 15 reaches the point 31, because the torque is measured by the projection of F on a'perpendicular to'R. y For this maximum .usefull-value of F which is designated by F" the winding 14 contributes ampereturns measured by the vector O-29 and the winding 15'contributes amwereturns measured by the vector O-f30.

o make matters more clear the corresponding locations 01514 and-15 are indicated at 14 and 15" in their correctrelative location with respect to R. For the-intermediate value F the; y component ampereturns the vectors O-26 and O-p-27 resfpectively. Since R is always the resultant o the vectorial sum of F and the primary armature reaction ampereturns ARthe latter can immediately be found as te magnitude and phase when F and R are known. For the value F of F the primary'ampereturns are AR' and lag by degrees behind E. This lag is indicated as against the line n drawn parallel to E through the end of the vector R. For the intermediate value F" the ar degrees. For zero torque the primary ampereturns are nil and F equals R for the conditions chosen as the basis of Figure 4. The

useful portion of the circle L which'is the locus for F is indicated by ay heavier line.-

It extends from point 31 through points 32 and 28 to point 24. It will be noted that the ampereturns sup lied by the winding l5 are always considera ly smaller than the corresponding armature lampereturns and, furthermore, that they are axially displaced from'same. Thus, whenl the primary4 reaction is AR" the ampereturns supplied by 15 are measured by 0 30 which equals 29-31 and are displaced by a" degrees from AR. Similarly, when the primary reaction is AR the'ampereturns contributed by 15 are measured by 0 27 e ual to 26f-28 displaced by a' degrees from R'.

Turning to Figure 5, which is based on thev arrangementof brushes and windings,

shown in Figure 2, and assuming that the maximum ampereturns in 14 equal R and are tothe maximum resultant ampereturns due to 15 and 15 as 5 to 8, the circle dagram for Fig. 2 can be as readily constructed as that for Figure 1. For this construction ampereturns in 14 are a maximum and the vector 0 24 is a diameter of the locus L14,

`a circle about the center 1n14 of 0-24 When the brushes 12, 13 are at'right angles tov R then the ampereturns in 15, or the vectorial sum of the ampereturns in 15 and 15", are a maximum, and since the axis of 15 here coincides with that of 12, 13, then 'l the vector 0 30 is a diameter of the locus L15 drawn about the center mw When R,

or its axis, coincides with the axis of 14, the

winding 14 contributesv ampereturns measured Vby the vector 0 24 and the,l winding 15 contributes ampereturns measured by the vector 0 27. The sum of these vectors is O-28 and 28 is one end of a diameter of the circle L which is the locus for the vectorial sum of the ampereturns in 14 and 15 for any position of R with respect to the brush axes in Figure 2. To find the other end of this'diameter the brushes and windings are moved through electrical degrees in a counterclockwise direction which brings the axis of 10, 11 to coincide with R, thus making the ampereturns in 14 zerb. At the same time the axis of 15 stands displaced by 135 degrees from R and the vector O--25 measures not only the ampereturns in 15 but the total secondary' magnetization existing at that time. The point 25 is the other end of a diameter of L. The circle L can now be drawn aboutthe center m of the line 28-25. It is here to be noted that when Rcoincides with 14 ingFigure 2 the torque is not zero but becomes zero when R moves away from the axis of 14 in the direction of the axis of the brushes 12, l13. In other words, when the system of brushes and windings is disure 5. At that time the winding 14 is Vin the position there shown by 14 and contributes ampereturns measured by the vector 0 34. Concurrently, the winding 15 cccupies the position shown by 15 and contributes ampereturns measured by the vector O-33. The vectorial sum of the contributions of 14 and 15 is measured by th: vector 0 35. For zero torque the primary ampereturns AR are measured by the line 35-24, are opposed in direction to R and lead E by q5=90 degrees. The useful portion of the locus L is again shown by a heavy line. In this case it is to be noted that the ampereturns produced by the winding 15 exactly equal and oppose the armature reaction ampereturns at the time when R coincides with the axis of la. For all 'positions of R corresponding to greater loads the am-y pereturns produced by are less than the corresponding armature reaction ampere turns and are displaced from same as indicated by the angle a. For positions corresponding to smaller motor loads the ampereturns produced by 15 exceed the corresponding armature reaction ampereturns and are dis laced' from same as for instance by the ang e a. If the primary impedance is taken into account. and this impedance varies continuously with varying load in the type of machine here disclosed, then the phase angle qb is modified but all else remains as shown. When the windings 14 and 15 are displaced by 90 electrical degrees then neither winding can ever produce ampereturns which equal and oppose the armature reaction ampereturns no matter how the two brush sets are displaced from each otheror from the secondary windings to which they are connected. s

In synchronous operation of the motor shown in Fig. 3 the windings 15 and 15" are connected in series with each other and with the brushes 12, 13 and produce a unidirectional magnetization which is ractically coaxial with the axis of the brus es 12, 13. Similarly the magnetization produced by 14 is strictly or nearly coaxial with the axis of the brushes 10, 11. lf the secondary magnetizations were displaced by 90 electrical degrees and connected to coaxially located brushes in the manner shown in Fig. 3 the machine could not operate synchro nously at a plurality of loads unless the two magnetizations didered in magnitude.l When the secondary magnetizations are displaced by an angle other than 90, as in Fig. 3, and connected to coaxial brushes -in the manner shown then the machine will operate syn 'chronously at a plurality of loads even if the two unidirectional magnetizations are equal. 'I his can be readily shown by means of a circle diagram such as those in-Figures i and 5.

Whether the primary revolves or is sta tionary is immaterial in so-far as the principle of operation is concerned, but a change to a stationary (primary, of course, involves well understoo structural modifications. Furthermore, it isimmaterial whether the auxiliary voltages are derived from the Inachine itself or from some outside source, provided said voltages are always of sli frequenc and provided their magnitude 1s indepen ent of said lfrequency.

While theories have been'advance'd as to operation .of the machines and4 methods here described, this has been done with a `view to facilitating the description' thereof, and it is to be understood that ido not bind myself to these or-any other theories.

' It will be clear that various ehangesmay neeaare be made in this disclosure without departing from the spirit of this invention, and it is, therefore, to be understood that this invention is not to be limited to the specic details here shown and described.

What l claim is:

1. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, means on the secondary adapted to magnetize the secondary along one axis, other means on the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondary along an axis displaced rom the first by an angle other than 90 electrical degrees, a commuted winding on the primary, two sets of brushes locatedl Se along displaced axes and cooperating with the 'commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected to one of the magnetizing means on the secondary and the other set to the other magnetizing means on the secondary, tlie axis of yone brush set being displaced by about 90 electrical degrees from the axis et the secondary magnetization roduced by the magnetizing means to whic it is connected.

2. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, means for produclng a primary flux which revolves with respect to the primary, means on the-secondary adapted to magnetize the secondary along one axis, other means on the' secondary adapted lto magnetize said secondary along an axis displaced from the first by an angle other than electrical degrees, a commuted winding on the primary, two sets of brushes located along displaced axes and cooperating with the commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected to one magnetizing means on the secondary and the other set to the other magnetizing means on the secondary. the axis of one set of brushes being displaced by about 90 electrical degrees from the axis of one of the secondary magnetizations and so connected to the means producing said magnetization that thebrush voltage leads the voltage concurrently generated in said means by the primary ux, and the axis of the other set of .brushes being displaced from the perpendicular to the axis. of the other secondary magnetization.

3.1i motor which carries variable load at lll@ synchronous speed, having a primary and a l secondary means for producing a primar flux whicli revolves withfrespect to the ri-7 mary, means on the secondary adapte to magnetize the secondary'along one axis, secvan which ybecome unidirectional at synond means on the secondary adapted to magdll chronism, means for so impressing one auxiliary volta e on the first means for roducing a secon ary magnetization that t e auxiliary voltage leads by a substantial angle the Volta e concurrently generated by the primary ux in the said lirst magnetization produclng means, and means for so impressing the other auxiliary voltage on the second means for producing a. secondary magnetization that at least a component of this other auxiliary Voltage is cophasal and codirectional with the voltage concurrently generated by the primary linx in said second magnetization producing means.

4. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, means on the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondary along one axis, second moans von the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondary along an axis displaced from the first by an angle other than 90 degrees, aY source of two auxiliary and unidirectional'voltages both of which vary in magnitude but retain the same direction when the load on the synchronously operating motor varies, means for impressing one auxiliary voltage on the first magnetzing means on the secondary, and means for impressing the other auxiliary voltage onthe second magnetizing means on the secondary.

5. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, t ree windings on the secondary, two of these windings being coaxial and the other being displaced therefrom, a commuted winding on the primary, two sets of brushes located along displaced axes and cooperating with the` commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected lto one of the coaxial windings andthe other set of brushes being connected in series with the second coaxial and with the displaced winding to produce by the brush current conduced into the series connected windings a secondary magnetization displaced by less than 90 electrical degrees from the secondary magnetization produced by brush current conduced into the first coaxial winding.

6. A motor which 'carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, three windings on the secondary, two oi these windings being coaxial and the other being displaced by about 90 electrical degrees therefrom, a commuted winding on the primary, two sets of brushes located along displaced axes and cooperating with the commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected to one of the coaxial windings and dis laced from the axis there-` of by about 90 e ectrical degrees, the `other set of brushes being connected in series with the second coaxial and with the displaced winding and displaced from the perpendicular to the axis of the resultant magnetiza^tion produced by the brush currents con- A duced into the series connected windings, and means for shunting the displaced winding on the secondary.

7. A motor wlich carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, three windings on the secondary, two of these windings being coaxial and the other being displaced by about 90 electrical degrees therefrom, a commuted winding on the primary, two sets of brushes located along displaced axes and cooperating with the commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected to one of the coaxial windings and the other set of brushes being connected in series with the second coaxial and with the displaced winding to produce by the brush current conduced into the series connected windings a secondary magnetization displaced by less than 90 electrical degrees from the secondary ma netization `produced by brush current con uced into the first coaxial winding, circuit controlling means-located between the' series connectedwindings on the secondary, and means for shunting one of the series connected windings on the secondary.

8. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, threewindinvs on the secondary, two of these windingslbeing coaxial and the other being displaced by about 90 electrical degrees therefrom, a commuted wind- .ing .on the primary, two` sets of brushes located along displaced axes and cooperating with the commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected to one of the coaxial windings and displaced from the axis thereof, the other set of brushes being connected in series with the second coaxial and with the displaced winding and displaced from the perpendicular to the axis ofthe resultant magnetization produced by the brush currents conduced into the series connected windings, and means for shunting each of the series connected windings on the seci ondary.

along one axis-second means on the second.-v

ary adapted to magnetize said secondary at synchromsm .along an axis displaced from the first by an angle other than 90 electrical degrees, a commuted Winding on the primary, two sets of brushes located along disl placed axes and cooperating with the commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected to the irstmagnetizing means on the secondary and the-"other set of brushes being connected to the second magnetizing means on the secondary, and means for securing at sub-synchronous speeds an induction motor torque of substantially constant magnitude.

10.' The method of operating "motor usoA which carries 'variable leed et synchronous speed, comprising, producing e substantially uniform induction motor torque at starting by means of displaced windings located on the secondary, impressing en auxiliary slip frequency Voltage the magnitude of which is independent of its frequency and which lbecomes unidirectional at s nchronism on a secondary Winding -to mzing torque and. a um irectional magnetin zation et synchronism,producing et synchroro uce :i synchro-v mengen nism e second unidirectional magnetization displaced from the lirst by less than 90 elecf trical degrees, and causing these two unidirectional magnetizetions to so very with varying load as to reduce e resultant unidirectional -magnetlzation which increases with increasing load.

ln testimony whereof l ex my signelure this 30th dey of July, 1926.

VALRE A. liYNN. 

